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Closed-cone pine forest : ウィキペディア英語版 | Closed-cone pine forest Closed-cone pine forest is a plant community of coastal California and several offshore islands. It consists of stands of bishop pines, Monterey pines, and others which rely on fire or strong heat to open their cones and release the seeds. ==Closed-cone pines== The most widespread naturally of the closed-cone pines is bishop pine (''Pinus muricata''), which can be found along the coast from Humboldt County, California in the north to the northwestern corner of Baja California in the south. knobcone pine (''Pinus attenuata'') forests can occur further inland, on dry, rocky soils. Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') was once limited to the Monterey Peninsula, two other sites in central California, and Guadalupe and Cedros Islands off the coast of Baja California, but has now been introduced elsewhere in California and around the world. Most of these trees have an average life-span of around 50–90 years 〔http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/geog/downloads/969/113.pdf〕
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